Level 2Question[Ref] II-1AVG (or DGS in English) diagrams compare flaw signal amplitudes to[Krautkramer 3rd Edition]
page94a) side drilled holes b) flat bottomed holes c) a theoretical maximum d) DAC's II-2As the pulse length of the excitation voltage is shortened the transmitted pulse[Krautkramer 3rd Edition]
page105a) frequency spectrum broadens b) frequency spectrum shortens c) increases energy output d) increases penetration ability II-3In general, the frequency content of an ultrasound beam has a larger proportion of high frequencies in its spectrum[Krautkramer 3rd Edition]
page105a) on axis b) off axis c) in the far zone d) in the free zone II-4If a signal is dropped from 100% FSH to 32% FSH, the number of dB gain removed from the receiver is[Krautkramer 3rd Edition]
page110a) 14 b) 10 c) 6 d) 4 II-5A typical voltage range for driving (exciting) piezoelectric crystals would be[Krautkramer 3rd Edition]
page123a) 50 to 100 mV b) 50 to 100 V c) 50 to 100 kV d) 500 to V II-6When an ultrasonic machine is equipped with this option, the pulse energy and pulse length can be adjusted[Krautkramer 3rd Edition]
page204a) receiver fine grain control b) swept gain c) time corrected gain d) damping II-7The main disavantage of a broadband receiver in a ultrasonic machine is[Krautkramer 3rd Edition]
page209a) non-linear response to amplification b) amplifier noise limits possible amplification c) RF display cannot be used d) rectified display cannot be used II-8The repeated reflections of ultrasonic pulses from between surfaces or discontinuities within a body are[Australian Standard]
page10a) ghost echoes b) sing-around c) multiple echoes d) wrap-around II-9Electronic gates on the trace of a UT machine can be used to[Krautkramer 3rd Edition]
page249a) determine the presence of flaws b) determine the amplitude of flaws c) both a and b d) none of the above II-10When flaw echo signals are recorded so as to display a plan view of the test piece the presentation is called[Krautkramer 3rd Edition]
page253a) A-scan b) B-scan c) C-scan d) D-scan II-11Increasing the pulse repetition frequency will result in[Goldman]
page187a) decreasing sensitivity b) increased resolution c) altering the probes' frequency output d) brightening the baseline II-12For the purposes of ultrasonic testing, signal-to-noise ratio is a function of[Butt]
page5a) the probe b) the oscilloscope c) a combination of probe and scope d) none of the above II-13When calibrating an ultrasonic instrument for range, the maximum distance of interest should not be less than[Butt]
page11a) 100 mm b) 200 mm c) one half the horizontal scale d) two thirds the horizontal scale II-14In the DGS (AVG German) system of defect sizing, the diagram relates to soundpath distance to the _________ to obtain the relative distance.[Butt]
page14a) probe size b) near-field length c) stand-off distance d) depth of defect II-15If you are drawing a DAC for an inspection range of 200mm and your response from the 3/8 node reference hole at 125mm has already dropped to 10% FSH you will have to use[Butt]
page26a) a new calibration block b) larger reference holes c) the DGS (AVG) system d) a split DAC II-16Signal averaging, correlation, and filtering are techniques used in ultrasonic systems to[Silvus]
page10a) extract weak signals from incoherent noise b) improve resolution c) characterize defects for type d) none of these techniques are used in ultrasonic testing II-17The process where by a re-current signal is extracted from incoherent noise is called[Silvus]
page12a) amplitude modulation b) frequency modulation c) signal averaging d) filtering II-18Receiver noise must often be filtered out of a test system. Receiver amplifier noise increases proportionally to[Silvus]
page14a) the square root of the bandwidth b) the inverse square of the bandwidth c) attenuation d) temperature II-19Which is not used as an acoustic imaging method?[Silvus]
page16a) deconvolution b) sequenced array c) liquid-surface levitation d) holography II-20When determining signal-to-noise ratio the suppression control is set at[British Standard]
page20a) maximum b) minimum c) 50% d) suppression setting is not important II-21When determining signal-to-noise ratio, the noise is attributable to[British Standard]
page20a) electrical noise from machine, cable and probe b) metal grain structure c) both a and b d) inability for focus the baseline II-22A response or evidence of a response in non-destructive testing that requires interpretation is called[Australian Standard]
page3a) an indication b) a defect c) a flaw d) signal-to-noise ratio II-23An ultrasonic display in rectangular coordinates where distance or time of flight is represented in one direction and probe displacement represented on the other and reflected pulses as bright marks on a dark background (or vise versa) is called a(n)[Australian Standard]
page6a) A-scan b) B-scan c) C-scan d) tomograph II-24The time interval between the initial pulse and the initiation of the time base sweep is termed[Australian Standard]
page9a) range b) time of flight c) programmed off-set d) delay II-25The frequency at which the overall response of an ultrasonic pulse-echo flaw detection system is maximum is the[Australian Standard]
page9a) dominant frequency b) resonance frequency c) nominal frequency d) anti-resonance frequency II-26The repeated reflections of ultrasonic pulses from between surfaces or discontinuities within a body are[Australian Standard]
page10a) ghost echoes b) sing-around c) multiple echoes d) wrap-around II-27Instrument settings which relate a reference echo of reproducible amplitude with which other instrument settings relating to a discontinuity echo are compared is the[Australian Standard]
page11a) scanning level b) threshold level c) reference sensitivity d) overall system gain a) filters out unwanted noise b) reduces dynamic range c) increases sensitivity a) vertical linearity b) manual scanning speed c) longitudinal/shear mode energy ratios d) none of the above II-30When information is presented as a B-scan on an oscilloscope, intensity (or amplitude) of a signal is indicated by[Ensminger]
page256a) strobe effects for signals over a threshold amplitude b) digital readout on the corner of the screen c) brightness of the spot on the scope

Ultrasonic Testing FAQs

Find the answers to commonly asked questions about ultrasonic testing..

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1. What is ultrasonic testing?

Ultrasonic nondestructive testing, also known as ultrasonic NDT or simply UT, is a method of characterizing the thickness or internal structure of a test piece using high-frequency sound waves. The frequencies, or pitch, used for ultrasonic testing are many times higher than the limit of human hearing, most commonly in the range from 500 kHz to 20 MHz.

2. How does ultrasonic testing work?

High-frequency sound waves are very directional, and they will travel through a medium (for example, a piece of steel or plastic) until they encounter a boundary with another medium (such as air), at which point they reflect back to their source. By analyzing these reflections, it is possible to measure the thickness of a test piece or find evidence of cracks or other hidden internal flaws.

3. What types of materials can be tested?

In industrial applications, ultrasonic testing is widely used on metals, plastics, composites, and ceramics. The only common engineering materials that are not suitable for ultrasonic testing with conventional equipment are wood and paper products. Ultrasonic technology is also widely used in the biomedical field for diagnostic imaging and medical research.

4. What are the advantages of ultrasonic testing?

Ultrasonic testing is completely nondestructive. The test piece does not have to be cut, sectioned, or exposed to damaging chemicals. Access to only one side is required, unlike measurement with mechanical thickness tools like calipers and micrometers. There are no potential health hazards associated with ultrasonic testing, unlike radiography.

When a test has been properly set up, results are highly repeatable and reliable.

5. What are the potential limitations of ultrasonic testing?

Ultrasonic flaw detection requires a trained operator who can set up a test with the aid of appropriate reference standards and properly interpret the results. Inspection of some complex geometries may be challenging. Ultrasonic thickness gauges must be calibrated with respect to the material being measured, and applications requiring measurement of a wide range of acoustically diverse materials may require multiple setups. Ultrasonic thickness gauges are more expensive than mechanical measurement devices.

6. What is an ultrasonic transducer?

A transducer is any device that converts one form of energy into another. An ultrasonic transducer converts electrical energy into mechanical vibrations (sound waves), and sound waves into electrical energy. Typically, they are small, handheld assemblies that come in a wide variety of frequencies and styles to accommodate specific test needs.

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7. What is an ultrasonic thickness gauge?

An ultrasonic thickness gauge is an instrument that generates sound pulses in a test piece and very precisely measures the time interval until the echoes are received. Having been programmed with the speed of sound in the test material, the gauge utilizes that sound velocity information and the measured time interval to calculate thickness via the simple relationship of distance equals velocity multiplied by time.

8. How accurate is ultrasonic thickness gauging?

Under optimal conditions, commercial ultrasonic gauges can achieve a level of accuracy as high as ±0.001 mm (0. in.) and ±0.025 mm (0.001 in.) or higher in most common engineering materials. Factors affecting accuracy include the uniformity of sound velocity in the test material, the degree of sound scattering or absorption, the surface condition, and the precision and care with which the instrument has been calibrated for the application at hand.

9. Who uses ultrasonic gauges?

A common use for ultrasonic gauges is to measure remaining wall thickness in corroded pipes and tanks. The measurement can be made quickly and easily without needing access to the inside of the pipe or tank or requiring it to be emptied. Other important applications include measuring the thickness of molded plastic bottles and similar containers, turbine blades and other precision machined or cast parts, small diameter medical tubing, rubber tires and conveyor belts, fiberglass boat hulls, and even contact lenses.

10. What is an ultrasonic flaw detector?

Sound waves traveling through a material will reflect in predictable ways off flaws such as cracks and voids. An ultrasonic flaw detector is an instrument that generates and processes ultrasonic signals to create a waveform display that can be used by a trained operator to identify hidden flaws in a test piece. The operator identifies the characteristic reflection pattern from a good part, and then looks for changes in that reflection pattern that may indicate flaws.

11. What defects can you find with a flaw detector?

A wide variety of cracks, voids, disbonds, inclusions, and similar problems that affect structural integrity can all be located and measured with ultrasonic flaw detectors. The minimum detectable flaw size in a given application depends on the type of material being tested and the type of flaw under consideration.

12. Who uses ultrasonic flaw detectors?

Ultrasonic flaw detectors are widely used in critical safety-related and quality-related applications involving structural welds, steel beams, forgings, pipelines and tanks, aircraft engines and frames, automobile frames, railroad rails, power turbines and other heavy machinery, ship hulls, castings, and many other important applications.

13. What other types of instruments are available?

Ultrasonic imaging systems are used to generate highly detailed pictures similar to X-rays, mapping the internal structure of a part with sound waves. Phased array technology originally developed for medical diagnostic imaging is used in industrial situations to create cross-sectional pictures. Large scanning systems are used by the aerospace industry and metalworking suppliers to check for hidden flaws in both raw materials and finished parts. Ultrasonic pulser/receivers and signal analyzers are used in a variety of materials research applications.

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