A heat pump is a device that uses a small amount of energy to move heat from one location to another. Heat pumps used for heating pools transfer heat from the outdoors into the water. Unlike gas heaters that require natural gas or propane, they use heat that is already available and just move it from one place to another, thereby using a cleaner heat via electricity, producing no carbon monoxide.
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Why Use a Heat Pump for Water Heating?
Reason #1: You Want to Use Your Pool Year-Round
Heat pumps are perfect for use in warmer climates! Heat pumps are most efficient when they’re heating outdoor air that’s above 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Anything below 50 and a heat pump does start to lose efficiency. In fact, heat pumps work more efficiently the warmer the air temperature gets.
Reason #2: Heat Pumps Yield Better Energy Savings
If you want to save on your energy bill, heat pumps provide great value.
Think of a gas heater as a muscle car and a heat pump as a bike. A gas heater will definitely heat your pool faster, but you’ll pay a price for it when the energy bill comes. On the other hand, a heat pump will provide an even and consistent heat once it reaches your ideal temperature, operating with much less effort. The U.S. Department of Energy confirms that if you run an average heat pump year-round at 85 degrees, you’ll experience up to $400 a year in energy savings.
Reason #3: Some Heat Pumps Can Cool Your Pool, Too!
If you’re in the market for a heater, you’re probably already invested in your pool, and making it an enjoyable experience. Why not go the extra mile?
A premium heat pump model won’t just heat your pool, but also keep the water cooler when the weather is too hot outside.
As the pool water circulates through the pool pump, it passes through a filter and the heat pump heater. The heat pump heater has a fan that draws in the outside air and directs it over the evaporator coil. Liquid refrigerant within the evaporator coil absorbs the heat from the outside air and becomes a gas. The warm gas in the coil then passes through the compressor. The compressor increases the heat, creating a very hot gas that then passes through the condenser. The condenser transfers the heat from the hot gas to the cooler pool water circulating through the heater. The heated water then returns to the pool. The hot gas, as it flows through the condenser coil, returns to liquid form and back to the evaporator, where the whole process begins again.
Higher efficiency heat pump pool heaters usually use scroll compressors versus the reciprocal compressors of standard units.
Heat pump pool heaters work efficiently as long as the outside temperature remains above the 45ºF–50ºF range. The cooler the outside air they draw in, the less efficient they are, resulting in higher energy bills. However, since most people use outdoor pools during warm and mild weather, this usually isn't an issue.
You should have a trained pool professional perform a proper sizing analysis for your specific pool to determine pool heater size.
Sizing a heat pump pool heater involves many factors. Basically, a heater is sized according to the surface area of the pool and the difference between the pool and the average air temperatures. Other factors also affect the heating load for outdoor pools, such as wind exposure, humidity levels, and cool night temperatures. Therefore, pools located in areas with higher average wind speeds at the pool surface, lower humidity, and cool nights will require a larger heater.
Heat pump pool heaters are rated by Btu output and horsepower (hp). Standard sizes include 3.5 hp/75,000 Btu, 5 hp/100,000 Btu, and 6 hp/125,000 Btu.
To calculate an approximate heater size for an outdoor swimming pool, follow these steps:
- Determine your desired swimming pool temperature.
- Determine the average temperature for the coldest month of pool use.
- Subtract the average temperature for the coldest month from the desired pool temperature. This will give you the temperature rise needed.
- Calculate the pool surface area in square feet.
- Use the following formula to determine the Btu/hour output requirement of the heater:
Pool Area x Temperature Rise x 12
This formula is based on 1º to 1-1/4ºF temperature rise per hour and a 3-1/2 mile per hour average wind at the pool surface. For a 1-1/2ºF rise multiply by 1.5. For a 2ºF rise multiply by 2.0.
For an outdoor pool, use the following tables to help estimate your annual heat pump pool heater costs and savings compared to using an electric resistance or a gas pool heater.
Table 1 estimates annual heat pump pool heating costs by location, by water temperature, and with or without using a pool cover.
Table 1. Costs by Location of Heating Outdoor Pools with a Heat Pump*
LOCATION
SEASON
TEMPERATURE
78°
80°
82°
Miami
1/1–12/31
$
$
$
w/ cover
1/1–12/31
$293
$409
$559
Phoenix
3/1–10/31
$927
$
$
w/ cover
3/1–10/31
$49
$116
$158
Dallas
4/1–10/31
$491
$
$
w/ cover
4/1–10/31
$123
$191
$279
Atlanta
4/1–10/31
$
$
$
w/ cover
4/1–10/31
$211
$279
$395
Los Angeles
5/1–10/31
$
$
$
w/ cover
5/1–10/31
$116
$211
$327
Kansas City
5/1–10/31
$974
$
$
w/ cover
5/1–10/31
$198
$279
$368
New York
5/1–9/30
$
$
$
w/ cover
5/1–9/30
$143
$204
$273
Chicago
5/1–9/30
$
$
$
w/ cover
5/1–9/30
$143
$204
$266
Denver
5/1–8/31
$
$
$
w/ cover
5/1–8/31
$95
$136
$204
Boston
5/1–8/31
$
$
$
w/ cover
5/1–8/31
$164
$225
$320
Minneapolis
6/1–9/30
$899
$
$
w/ cover
6/1–9/30
$136
$170
$259
San Fran
6/1–8/31
$
$
$
w/ cover
6/1–8/31
$129
$225
$327
Seattle
6/1–8/31
$
$
$
w/ cover
6/1–8/31
$204
$293
$382
*Figures based on a 1,000 square foot, outdoor pool heated with an air to water heat pump with an average COP of 5.0 at $./kwh.
Table 2 estimates the savings for every $ in annual pool heating costs using a heat pump pool heater compared to using an electric resistance or gas pool heater with an efficiency of 55% (baseline).
Table 2. Annual Savings Comparisons of
Gas and Electric Pool Heaters*
EFFICIENCY
ANNUAL COST
COST W/ 5.0 COP
HEAT PUMP SAVINGS
Gas Pool Heater
55%
$
$700
$300
60%
$915
$700
$215
65%
$845
$700
$145
70%
$785
$700
$85
75%
$732
$700
$32
Electric Resistance
100%
$
$200
$800
*Based on an electric resistance heated pool, which costs $1,000 per year at an electric cost of $./kwh, and using a gas pool heater with a 55% efficiency (baseline) at a cost of $1.09/therm. A seasonal average COP of 5.0 was used to determine heat pump savings.
A pool heat pump is an excellent investment for pool owners looking to extend their swimming season and maintain a comfortable water temperature. However, like any significant purchase, it’s essential to weigh the benefits and drawbacks before deciding. This comprehensive guide will explore the pros and cons of installing a pool heat pump, helping you determine if this heating solution is the right fit for your pool and climate.
Pros of Installing a Pool Heat Pump
Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings
One of the primary advantages of pool heat pumps is their energy efficiency. Unlike gas heaters that rely on burning fuel, heat pumps capture heat from the air and transfer it to the pool water. This process is highly efficient, often resulting in lower operational costs compared to traditional heating methods. While the initial investment may be higher, the long-term savings on energy bills can make heat pumps a cost-effective solution for maintaining a warm pool.
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Heat pumps also benefit from relatively stable operating costs. As they depend on electricity and ambient air temperature, their cost of operation is less susceptible to the price fluctuations associated with gas or propane. This predictability in energy expenses can be a significant advantage for budget-conscious pool owners, offering financial peace of mind.
Moreover, some regions offer incentives or rebates for installing energy-efficient heating systems like heat pumps. Taking advantage of these programs can further offset the initial cost, making heat pumps an even more attractive option for eco-friendly and budget-savvy homeowners.
Environmentally Friendly
Heat pumps are considered one of the most environmentally friendly options for pool heating. Since they do not burn fossil fuels, they produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to gas heaters. This reduced carbon footprint is beneficial for the environment, making heat pumps a more sustainable choice for heating your pool.
The efficiency of heat pumps also means they use less energy to achieve the same heating effect as other systems. This lower energy consumption not only saves money but also reduces the overall demand for power plants, which can contribute to a decrease in pollution and resource depletion. For eco-conscious pool owners, heat pumps represent a way to enjoy a warm pool while minimizing environmental impact.
Additionally, many heat pumps use eco-friendly refrigerants that do not deplete the ozone layer. This commitment to using environmentally safe materials further enhances the green credentials of heat pumps, aligning with the growing trend toward sustainable living and environmentally responsible choices.
Consistent Heating
Pool heat pumps are known for providing consistent and reliable heating. They can maintain a steady water temperature, ensuring your pool is always ready for a swim. Unlike solar heaters, which depend on sunny weather, heat pumps can operate efficiently in various weather conditions, provided the ambient air temperature remains above 50°F (10°C).
This consistency is particularly beneficial for those who live in regions with fluctuating weather patterns. While solar heaters may be unreliable during overcast or rainy periods, heat pumps continue to function effectively, providing a dependable heat source that extends your swimming season.
Moreover, heat pumps typically feature thermostatic controls that allow you to set and maintain your desired pool temperature with precision. This level of control ensures optimal swimming conditions, enhancing the overall enjoyment and usability of your pool throughout the year.
Long Lifespan
Heat pumps are known for their durability and long lifespan. With proper maintenance, a high-quality pool heat pump can last between 10 to 20 years, making it a worthwhile investment for long-term pool heating needs. This longevity can offset the initial purchase and installation costs, providing reliable and efficient heating for many years.
The robust construction of heat pumps contributes to their longevity. They are designed to withstand various weather conditions and operate continuously, making them a reliable choice for year-round pool heating. Regular maintenance can further extend the lifespan of your heat pump, ensuring it remains an efficient and effective heating solution. This can include cleaning the filters and ensuring proper airflow.
Furthermore, many manufacturers offer warranties and support services for their heat pumps, providing additional peace of mind. These warranties often cover parts and labor, ensuring that any issues that arise can be promptly addressed without incurring significant additional costs.
Cons of Installing a Pool Heat Pump
High Initial Cost
One of the most significant drawbacks of installing a pool heat pump is the high initial cost. Heat pumps typically have a higher purchase price compared to gas heaters and solar heating systems. The installation process can also be more complex and expensive, requiring professional installation to ensure optimal performance and efficiency.
This upfront expense can be a barrier for some pool owners, especially those on a tight budget. However, it’s essential to consider the long-term savings and benefits when evaluating the cost. The lower operational expenses and extended lifespan of heat pumps can offset the initial investment over time, making them a cost-effective choice in the long run.
Additionally, financing options and incentives may be available to help manage the initial cost. Many manufacturers and retailers offer financing plans that allow you to spread the cost over several months or years. Researching available rebates and incentives in your area can also help reduce the financial burden of purchasing and installing a heat pump.
Dependence on Ambient Temperature
While heat pumps are highly efficient, their performance is dependent on the ambient air temperature. They operate most efficiently in temperatures above 50°F (10°C). In colder climates or during the winter months, the efficiency and heating capacity of heat pumps can decrease significantly, making them less effective for year-round heating in certain regions.
For pool owners in colder climates, this limitation can be a significant disadvantage. Supplementing a heat pump with a secondary heating source, such as a gas heater, may be necessary to ensure consistent pool heating throughout the year. This hybrid approach can provide the benefits of both systems but also increases the overall cost and complexity of the pool heating setup.
Additionally, heat pump performance can vary based on the specific model and manufacturer. Choosing a high-quality, efficient heat pump designed for your climate can help mitigate some of these limitations. Consulting with a pool heating expert can ensure you select the best system for your specific needs and conditions.
Slower Heating Time
Heat pumps generally have a slower heating time compared to gas heaters. They are designed to maintain a consistent temperature rather than quickly raising the water temperature. This means that if your pool temperature drops significantly, it may take longer for a heat pump to bring the water back to a comfortable swimming temperature.
This slower heating time can be inconvenient for pool owners who want to use their pool on short notice. Planning ahead and maintaining a consistent temperature can help mitigate this issue, but it’s important to be aware of this limitation when choosing a heating system.
For those who frequently use their pool and require rapid heating, a gas heater may be a more suitable option. However, heat pumps are highly effective and efficient in maintaining a steady temperature with minimal fluctuations.
Noise Levels
While modern heat pumps are designed to be quieter than older models, they can still produce noticeable noise during operation. The fan and compressor generate sound, which may be disruptive in a quiet backyard setting. The noise level can vary depending on the specific model and installation location.
For pool owners who prioritize a tranquil outdoor environment, this noise can be a drawback. Placing the heat pump in a location that minimizes noise impact, such as away from seating areas or behind a sound barrier, can help reduce the disturbance.
Researching and selecting a model with a reputation for quiet operation can also help address this concern. Many manufacturers provide noise level ratings for their heat pumps, allowing you to compare options and choose a quieter unit.
Conclusion
Installing a pool heat pump offers numerous benefits, including energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, consistent heating, and a long lifespan. However, it’s important to consider the high initial cost, dependence on ambient temperature, slower heating time, and potential noise levels when making your decision. By carefully weighing the pros and cons, you can determine if a heat pump is the right choice for your pool heating needs.
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